Te Kōwhiringa me te Whirihoranga Tiakitanga Arotau o ngā Tikanga Whakatakotoranga Pūwāhi Kore o te Whakawhiti 110kV

Kupu Whakataki

I roto i ngā pūnaha hiko ngaohiko teitei, ko te tikanga whakapūmau ira koretake o te whakawhiti hiko he mea nui e pā ana ki te haumaru, te pono, me te pumau o te pūnaha. Mō ngā pūnaha hiko 110kV, ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakapūmau ira koretake ka pā tika ki ngā taumata whakamahana taputapu, te tiaki ngaohiko nui, te whirihoranga tiaki whakawhiti, me te pono o te tuku hiko. I Haina, ko ngā pūnaha 110kV te tikanga e whakamahi ana i te tikanga whakatō whenua whai hua ā-wāhanga, kei reira ētahi pūwāhi kore-whakawhiti hiko e tūhono tika ana ki te whenua, ko ētahi kāore anō kia tūhono, ko te whāinga he whakawhāiti i ngā iahiko poto-wāhanga-kotahi me te ārai i ngā tūmomo ngaohiko nui rawa atu.

Ka tātarihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga, ngā painga, me ngā herenga o ngā tikanga whakapūmau ira kūpapa o te hurihanga hiko 110kV, ka tūhuratia ngā rautaki whirihoranga tiaki tino pai, ā, ka whakaatuhia ngā au whanaketanga ā muri ake nei.

Ngā Tikanga Whakatakotoranga Pūtake Kūpapa Matua 1 mō ngā Whakawhiti 110kV

1.1 Te Whakatakotoranga Tika

Te whenua tikae pā ana ki te hononga tika o te pūwāhi korekore o te whakawhiti hiko ki te whenua. Ka whakatikahia e tēnei tikanga te pūmanawa pūwāhi korekore, kia kore ai e neke ake te pikinga o te ngaohiko wāhanga kore-hapa i te 1.4 ngā wā o te ngaohiko wāhanga i te wā e pāngia ana e te hapa whenua kotahi-wāhanga. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakaiti i ngā whakaritenga whakamahana taputapu me te whakaiti i ngā utu.

Heoi, he ngoikoretanga nui ko te te aukume whenua kotahi-wāhanga tino teitei(tae atu ki ngā mano amperes), ka pā pea ki te kaha o te whakakore hiko me te pumau o te pūnaha. Nō reira, ko te whakapūmau tika te tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha ngaohiko 110kV me ngā pūnaha ngaohiko teitei ake, ina hiahiatia te tango tere i te hapa.

1.2 Kore-whenua-kore-tūturu

I roto i tētahi pūnaha kore whenua, ka wehea te pūwāhi kūpapa o te whakawhiti hiko mai i te whenua. Ina puta he hapa whenua kotahi-wāhanga, he iti rawa te ia o te hapa (ko te ia capacitive o te pūnaha te nuinga), ka taea ai e te pūnaha te mahi tonu mō te wā poto (tae atu ki te 2 hāora te nuinga). Ka tino whakarei ake tēnei te pono o te pūhiko.

Heoi, i roto i ngā pūnaha kāore i te whenua, ka taea e ngā hapa whenua kotahi-wāhanga te whakapiki i te ngaohiko wāhanga kore-hapa ki te taumata ngaohiko raina. Mena he ngoikore te whakamarumaru, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te pakaru, ka piki ake hei hapa ā-wāhanga-ki-ā-wāhanga. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te whenua pewa wā-poto te whakaputa ngā ngaohiko pewa, e eke ana ki te 3–3.5 ngā wā o te ngaohiko ā-wāhanga, e tū ana hei mōrearea ki te whakamarumaru o te whakawhiti hiko.

1.3 Te Whakatūnga Whenua mā te Ārai Iti

Hei whakataurite i ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā pūnaha whenua tika me ngā pūnaha whenua kore, ko te tikanga whakapūmau ātetehe mea whakamahi pinepine. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakapūmau i te whenua mā roto i tētahi ātete iti, i tētahi tauhohenga iti rānei.

• Te Whakatakotoranga Ātete Iti: Ka whakawhāiti i te iahiko hapa ki ngā rau amperes, ka whakaiti i te pānga ki te pūnaha me te whakahohe tonu i te mahi tiaki tere. Ka pehi pai tēnei tikanga i ngā ngaohiko nui, ā, he pai mō ngā whatunga tohatoha taura-nui me ngā iahiko kaha nui.
• Te Whakatakotoranga Tauhohenga ItiKa taea te whakakore i te iahiko kaha o te pūnaha mā te iahiko whakaawe, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te whakakā anō o te pewa. E kiia ana tēnei tikanga he tikanga whakapūmau kua utua.

Mā te whakawhenua mā te aukati iti ka whakakotahi i ngā painga o ngā pūnaha tika me ngā pūnaha kore whenua, ka tukuna he pehi i te ngaohiko nui me te pono o te tuku hiko. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā pūnaha 110kV, inā koa ko ērā he nui ngā iahiko kaha, he nui rānei te kounga o te hiko e hiahiatia ana.

2 Whirihoranga Parenga mō ngā Pūwāhi Kūpapa Whakawhiti 110kV

2.1 Ngā Tūraru o te Ngaohiko Nui

Ko te taumata whakamarumaru o te pūwāhi kūpapa o te whakawhiti hiko 110kV he tikanga noa iho ārai-haurua, me te whakatauranga ngaohiko tu atu i te kotahi-hautoru noa iho o te pito raina. Mā tēnei ka ngoikore te pūwāhi kūpapa ki te kino o te ngaohiko nui. Ko ngā momo ngaohiko nui matua ko:

• Ngaohiko Auau Mana: E puta mai ana i te whakawhiti raina, i ngā ara iahiko poto kore taurite, i te ngaronga ohorere rānei o te kawenga.
• Ngaohiko WhakareiI puta mai i ngā wiriwiri nā ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā huānga irahiko me ngā huānga kaha i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te pūnaha, e ngā hapa rānei.
• Te Whakawhiti Ngaohiko NuiKo te hua o te huringa o te pūngao aukume me te pūngao hiko-pūmau i te wā e tuwhera ana, e katia ana rānei ngā whati ara iahiko.
• Uira Nui: I puta mai i ngā whiunga a te uira, e tohuhia ana e te kaha teitei me te poto o te wā.

2.2 Ngā Pūrere Tiaki Noa

Hei tiaki i te pūwāhi korekore o te whakawhiti hiko, ka whakamahia ngā taputapu tiaki e whai ake nei:

• Ngā Ārai PupuhiKa whakawhāitihia e ēnei te kaha o te uira me ētahi kaha o te whakawhiti. Heoi, he maha ngā wā kāore e ranea ngā ārai ngaru paerewa mō te taumata whakamarumaru iti o ngā pūwāhi korekore o te whakawhiti hiko 110kV, ā, he uaua te whiriwhiri.
• Ngā Āputa WeheweheKa ārai ēnei i te auau hiko me ngā ngaohiko teitei. Ina puta te ngaohiko teitei, ka pakaru te āputa, ka whakapūmau i te pūwāhi kūpapa hei whakawhāiti i te pikinga ngaohiko. Ko tētahi ngoikoretanga ko te uaua ki te whakarite tika i te tawhiti āputa, ka arahi pea ki te kore taunga o te tiaki.
• Hononga Whakarara o te Pūmau Pupuhi me te ĀputaHe tikanga tiaki whānui tēnei. Ka whakahaerehia e te aukati ngaru te ngaohiko uira, ko te āputa ka aro ki te auau hiko me te ngaohiko haruru. Ka tiakina hoki e te āputa te aukati ngaru mai i te ngaohiko auau hiko nui rawa atu ka raru ai. He painga tāpiri tēnei huarahi.

2.3 Whirihoranga Tiakitanga Relay

Ko te tiakitanga o te whakawhiti hiko mō te pūwāhi korehau 110kV e whai ake nei:

• Te Parenga Auaha Kore-RaupapaMō ngā whakawhiti hiko e tūhono tika ana ki te whenua, ka whirihorahia te parenga iahiko raupapa-kore hei tango wawe i ngā hapa whenua. I te nuinga o te wā ka wehea te parenga ki ngā wāhanga, me ngā whakaroa wā poto mō te kimi hapa me ngā whakaroa wā roa mō te takahi i ngā taha katoa o te whakawhiti hiko.
• Te Parenga Ngaohiko Raupapa-Kore me te Parenga Iahiko ĀputaMō ngā whakawhiti hiko kāore i te whenua, ka whakatūria te parenga ngaohiko raupapa-kore me te parenga iahiko āputa. Ina puta he hapa whenua ka ngaro te pūwāhi whenua o te pūnaha, ka piki ake te ngaohiko pūwāhi kūpapa, ka pakaru te āputa. Ka mahi te parenga iahiko āputa, te parenga ngaohiko raupapa-kore rānei, me te whakaroa wā (0.3–0.5s) hei whakaweto i te whakawhiti hiko i ngā taha katoa.
• Te Whakaritenga Tiakitanga TāruaHei whakarite i te whiriwhiringa, me whakarite ngā whakaroa wā tiaki raupapa-kore. Hei tauira, me roa ake te whakaroa wā mō te tiaki tārua i runga i te whakawhiti hiko i tērā o te tiaki raina e tāruatia ana e ia.

3 Ngā Taunakitanga Arotau me te Tātari Take

3.1 Ngā Here o ngā Tikanga Tuku Iho

Ahakoa te whakamahinga o ngā ārai ngaru e whakarara ana ki ngā āputahe mea noa, he maha ngā ngoikoretanga o tēnei huarahi:

• Te Uauatanga ki te Kōwhiringa o te Pūnaha Ārai NgaruHe uaua ki te kimi i ngā ārai ngaru paerewa e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te ngaohiko mahi tonu teitei me te ngaohiko toenga uira iti mō ngā pūwāhi kūpapa o te whakawhiti hiko 110kV.
• Ngā Wero i te Whakatakoto ĀputaKa pāngia te ngaohiko pakaru o te āputa hau e te marara, ā, ka uaua ki te whakarite tika i te mahi āputa mō ngā āhuatanga hapa "ngaronga whenua" me te "me te whenua".
• Te Uauatanga o te Tiakitanga RelayTērā pea ka hē te mahi a te parenga ki te "ngaronga o te whenua" (pēnei i te parenga o te ngaohiko raupapa-kore me te parenga o te iahiko āputa), ka hiahiatia he paearu ārai tāpiri, ka whakanui ake i te uauatanga, ka whakaiti hoki i te pono.

3.2 Ngā Painga o te Whakatakotoranga mā te Tauhohenga Iti

E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau me ngā mahi te whakapūmau i te pūwāhi kūpapa mā te tauhohenga itihe painga nui ki ngā tikanga whakatō whenua ā-wāhanga tuku iho:

• Ngā Whakaritenga Taumata Whakamarumaru Kua WhakaitihiaWhai muri i te whakamahi i te whakapūmautanga tauhohenga iti, ka taea te whakaheke i te taumata whakamarumaru o te pūwāhi kūpapa o te whakawhiti hiko mai i te 35kV ki te 20kV, ka kore e hiahiatia he ārai ngaru me ngā āputa, ā, ka māmā ake te whirihoranga tiaki.
• Aratau Whenua KotahiMā tēnei tikanga ka kore e puta he pūnaha motuhake kāore i te whenua, ka taea te whakangawari, te whakakore rānei i te tiakitanga e pā ana, ā, ka whakarei ake i te pono.
• Te Pupuri i ngā PaingaKa mau tonu ngā painga o te whakapūmau ā-wāhanga, pērā i te tiakitanga raupapa-kore māmā me te pono, me te whakawhāiti hoki i ngā iahiko porowhita-poto kotahi-wāhanga.

3.3 Tātaritanga Take

Hei tauira, he whakawhiti i te teihana hiko 110kV. I whakamahia e te hoahoa taketake he te ārai ngaru whakarara ki te āputamō te tiaki i te pūwāhi kūpapa. Heoi, i muri i te whakamahi i te whenua tauhohenga iti, i whakaitihia te taumata whakamarumaru o te pūwāhi kūpapa o te whakawhiti hiko, i whakangawarihia ngā taputapu tiaki, ā, i whakapaitia te pono o te mahi. I whakaatuhia e ngā tataunga ka taea e te ātete whenua te whakawhāiti i te iahiko hapa ki te rau amperes, ā, ka taea te whakarite ngāwari i te tiaki raupapa-kore.

Ko tētahi atu take i pā ki tētahi hapa i roto i tētahi teihana hiko 110kV, i reira i puta ai he hapa whenua kotahi-wāhanga i runga i te raina e haere mai ana, ā, i pakaru te āputa pūwāhi kūpapa, me te hinganga o te whakawhiti hiko. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga ahakoa he tauhou te hapa raina, ko te urupare mai i te tini o ngā motuka kore-tukutahii te taha kawenga i whakaratohia he pūngao mō te pewa, e mau tonu ana te hapa. E whakaatu ana tēnei mō ngā whakawhiti hiko me ngā kawenga motuka nui (ngā pūtake ōrite), he mea nui te tiaki i te pūwāhi kūpapa katoa, tae atu ki te iahiko raupapa-kore, te iahiko āputa, me te tiaki ngaohiko raupapa-kore, i te wā o te hoahoa.

4 Whakamutunga me te Tirohanga

He mahi maha-āhua te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakapūmau i te pūwāhi kore-pūnaha whakawhiti hiko 110kV me tōna whirihoranga tiaki e hiahia ana kia whakaarohia te hanganga pūnaha, ngā āhuatanga kawenga, me ngā whakaritenga pono. Ahakoa he mea noa te tikanga whakapūmau wāhanga tuku iho me ngā ārai ngaru me ngā āputa, he wero kei mua i a ia i te whiriwhiri taputapu me te taunga tautuhinga. Ko te tikanga whakapūmau tauhohenga itihe huarahi kē atu whai hua, ka whakaiti pea i ngā whakaritenga whakamahana, ka whakangāwari ake i te tiakitanga, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pono.

Ka arotahi ngā au whanaketanga ā muri ake nei ki ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:

• Te Whakamahinga o ngā Pūrere HouPērā i ngā āputa hiato, ngā āputa whakahaere rānei e whakamahia ana i te taha o ngā ārai ngaru, hei whakarei ake i te pono me te tika o te tiakitanga.
• Hangarau Tiaki MamatiTe whakamahi i te tiakitanga e ahu mai ana i te rorohiko iti me ngā rauropi matatau (hei tauira, te tautuhi i te āhua ngaru, te tātaritanga harmonic) hei whakapai ake i te aro me te pono o te tiakitanga hapa whenua.
• Te Whakapūmautanga me te WhakarerekētangaTe whakawhanake i ngā taputapu tiaki pūwāhi kūpapa paerewa me ngā taputapu ārai pūwāhi ā-whakakotahi hei whakahaere i te hoahoa me te tiaki.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, he mea nui te arotau i te tikanga whakapūmau i te pūwāhi koretake o te whakawhiti hiko 110kV me te whirihoranga tiaki hei whakarei ake i te haumaru, te pono, me te mahi ōhanga o te pūnaha hiko. Mā te whanaketanga hangarau, e tumanakohia ana ka puta ake ngā otinga mohio me te whai hua, ā, ka whānuitia te whakamahinga.