Ngā Kaupapahere Ahumahi mō ngā Whakawhiti Ngaohiko Teitei o te Ao mai i te tau 2025

I runga i ngā mōhiohio tūmatanui mai i Hānuere ki Hūrae 2025,ngā kaupapa here ahumahi whakawhiti hiko ngaohiko teitei te arotahi ā-ao kite whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te tautoko i te pūngao hou, te whakahaere mākete, me te hononga whatunga ā-rohe. Kei raro nei he tirohanga whānui kua whakaritea mō ngā au kaupapa here matua ā-motu/ā-rohe:

I. Te Kotahitanga o Ūropi (EU): Te Whakapakari i te Whai Huatanga Pūngao me ngā Whakaritenga Taiao mō te Huringa Kakariki​
Kei te noho tonu te EU hei kaiārahi o te ao i roto i te whakatakoto i ngā paerewa whai huatanga pūngao pakari mō te taumata tiketikeNgā Whakawhiti Ngaohiko, me ngā kaupapa here o te tau 2025 e whakatairanga ana ngā whakawhiti waro-iti mā roto i ngā mahi whai hua me ngā mahi ōhanga porowhita:

1. Ngā Paerewa Whai Hua Pūngao Kua Whakapai Ake:I raro i te Ecodesign Directive (ErP Directive, 2009/125/EC), ko te rahi-waenga Ngā Whakawhiti Mana (tae atu ki ngā momo ngaohiko teitei) e pāngia ana e ngā herenga pakari ake mō ngā ngaronga kore-kawenga me ngā ngaronga kawenga, me te whakahekenga toharite o te 15% ki te whakataurite ki ngā paepae o mua. Ka whakapai ake te taumata whai huatanga pūngao mō ngā whakawhiti hiko mai i te Akomanga E ki te Akomanga D i te tau 2025, ka akiaki i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi ngaronga iti (hei tauira, ngā koranu kore-ahua, ngā matua nanocrystalline) me ngā hangarau whakatikatika kaha atamai.

​2. Ngā Mana Whakahaere Ōhanga Porowhita: Mai i te tau 2025, ka whakatakoto te EU i ngā here ki te tere hangarua o ngā rauemi whakawhiti hiko (hei tauira, ngā rauemi matua me ngā rauemi takai) me te whakakaha ake i te tirotiro i ngā para hiko (tae atu ki ngā whakawhiti hiko). Ka whai kawenga ngā kaihanga mō te hangarua.

3. Tiwhikete CE Whakarei Ake: Me tutuki ngā whakawhiti hiko-tiketike e kaweake ana ki te EU i te Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC, 2014/30/EU) me te Machinery Directive (MD, 2006/42/EC) (mēnā he pā whakamatao kei roto). Ka kaha ake ngā tukanga tiwhikete i te tau 2025, me te hiahia kia whakamātauhia te EMC e ngā rōpū whakamōhiotia o te EU me ngā aromatawai haumaru katoa mō te huringa ora.

II. Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti: Te tipu o te hiahia ā-kore e ārahihia ana e ngā kaupapa here mō te pūngao o te rā​
Ko Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti, he rohe tipu matua mō te umanga photovoltaic (PV) o te ao, kei te whakanui ake i te tono mō ngā whakawhiti hiko ngaohiko teitei mā te Ngā tautoko mō ngā PV me ngā whakahoutanga whatunga:

​1. Initonīhia: Ngā mahere hei whakatairanga i te 100 GW o ngā kaupapa pūngao hou (tae atu ki te 75 GW o te PV) i roto i ngā tau 15 e whai ake nei. I te tau 2025, ka arotahi ki ngā teihana hiko PV nui, ka akiaki i te pikinga o te hiahia mō ngā whakawhiti hiko ngaohiko teitei (hei tauira, 220 kV me runga ake).
​2. Tairaina: Ko te whāinga o te Mahere Whakawhanake Hiko whakahoutia o te tau 2024 ko te whakapiki ake i te kaha whakahou ki te 51% o te kaha katoa i te tau 2037. Mā te kore he taake mō ngā kawemai o ngā wāhanga PV me te "kaupapa whakaiti taake PV tuanui" (e kapi ana i te 90,000 ngā whare i te tau 2025) ka whakapiki ake i te tono mō ngā whakawhiti hiko e pā ana ki te PV tohatoha.
​3. Whitināmu: I whakarerekētia tana kaupapa here PV tuanui i te tau 2024 hei tango i ngā herenga kaha me te whakahaere i ngā tukanga tono. Hei te tau 2025, ko te whāinga kia 50% o ngā whare me ngā tari e whakamahi ana i te PV tuanui, ka piki ake te hiahia mō ngā whakawhiti hiko iti-ki-waenga (hei tauira, te akomanga 10 kV).
​4. Mareia: I whakarewahia tana tuku tono PV nui tuarima (2 GW) i te tau 2024, ā, i whakangawari i ngā ture mō ngā kaupapa whakamahi-whaiaro. I te tau 2025, e matapaetia ana ka noho pumau, ka piki paku rānei te kaha tāuta PV, hei tautoko i te tono mō ngā whakawhiti hiko.

III. Īnia: Te Tapanga Tonu mō te Whai Huatanga Pūngao me te Whakapakari i te Tirotiro Mākete
Ko te ture mō te whakawhiti hiko teitei o Inia e arotahi ana ki ngā paerewa whai huatanga pūngaome ngā tikanga haumaru, me ngā kaupapa here o te tau 2025 e whakarei ake ana i te whakatinanatanga:

1. Te Tapanga Whai Hua Pūngao e Whakahaungia ana: I raro i te Ture Hiko, me whakaatu ngā hua whakawhiti hiko i ngā tohu whai huatanga pūngao (e rite ana ki ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te IEC 60076-1). Ko te kamupene hiko a te kāwanatanga, a NPCIL, e whakatairanga ana i ngā hua whai huatanga teitei i roto i ngā hoko.
2. Ngā Here Taiao: E hiahiatia ana e ngā Ture Whakahaere Para-Hiko o te tau 2018 kia whakaitihia e ngā kaihanga te nui o ngā konganuku taumaha (hei tauira, te mata, te mercury) me te whakapai ake i te hangarua para-hiko. Ka whakakaha ake te tirotiro i te tau 2025.
​3. Te Whakataetae Mākete: Kei te whakawhāitihia e ngā umanga ā-rohe (hei tauira, BHEL, L&T) te āputa ki ngā kamupene nunui o te ao (hei tauira, ABB, Siemens) mā te auahatanga hangarau. Kei te heke haere te kukū o te mākete i roto i ngā umanga matua e rima (mai i te 70% ki te 65% i te tau 2025), ko ngā umanga hou (e tohunga ana ki ngā whakawhiti hiko penapena pūngao) kei te tere haere te urunga ki te mākete.

IV. Haina: Te Arotahi ki te Whakaurunga Pūngao Whakahou me ngā Whatunga Atamai hei Whakatairanga i ngā Whakapai Ahumahi​
Hei te kaihanga whakawhiti hiko nui rawa atu o te ao, ko ngā kaupapa here a Haina mō te tau 2025 e aro ana ki tetautoko i te pūngao whakahou, te hanganga whatunga atamai, me ngā whakapainga whai hua:

1. Te Whakaurunga Pūngao Whakahou: Kua whakaurua e te National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) me te National Energy Administration (NEA) ngā kaupapa here hei tautoko i te R&D o ngā whakawhiti hiko mō ngā kaupapa hau moana me ngā kaupapa PV tohatoha. I te tau 2025, e matapaetia ana ka eke te mākete whakawhiti hiko hau moana ki te 15 piriona yuan, me te pikinga o te tono mō ngā whakawhiti hiko e pā ana ki te PV tohatoha mā te 35%.
​2. Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Whatunga Atamai: Kei te whakamahere te State Grid ki te haumi i te 80 piriona yuan i te tau 2025 hei whakapai ake i ngā taputapu tuku me te tohatoha hiko, ā, neke atu i te 40% o ngā hokonga ko ngā whakawhiti hiko. Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko ngā ngaohiko tino teitei (±800 kV me runga ake) me ngā whakawhiti hiko atamai (ka piki ake te wahanga mākete mai i te 20% ki te 25%).
3. Ngā Paerewa Whai Hua Pūngao Kua Whakapai Ake: Mā ngā Uara Whakaaetia Mōrahi mō te Whai Hua Pūngao me ngā Tohu Whai Hua Pūngao mō ngā Whakawhiti Hiko kua whakahoutia (GB 20052-2025) ka whakakorea ngā hua iti-whai hua i raro i te karaehe S13. Ka āhei ngā whakawhiti hiko whai hua teitei (Tohu 1) ki te whiwhi whakahokinga taake tāpiri uara 70%, ka tere ake te huringa ahumahi ki te whai hua.

V. Amerika ki te Raki: Ngā Whakawhiti Atamai me te Hononga Whatunga Rohe
Kei te arotahi a Amerika Te Raki (te US, Kānata, Mehiko) ki ngā whakawhiti atamai mete whakaurunga whatunga ā-rohei te tau 2025:

​1. Whakatairanga mō te Whakawhiti Atamai: E tautoko ana ngā kaupapa here pūngao ma o te kāwanatanga o Amerika i te R&D o ngā whakawhiti hiko atamai, ā, e matapaetia ana ka neke atu te rahi o te mākete i te 20 piriona USD i te tau 2025 (neke atu i te 10% te tere tipu ā-tau). Kei roto i ngā tono ko ngā whatunga atamai me ngā pūnaha pūngao tohatoha.
​2. Hononga Whatunga Rohe: Mā te whakamahi i te Whakaaetanga US-Mexico-Canada (USMCA), kei te whakapakari ake a Kanata me Mexico i te hononga whatunga ki te US. I te tau 2025, e matapaetia ana ka eke ngā mākete whakawhiti hiko o Kanata me Mexico ki te 10 piriona USD me te 5 piriona USD, ia, ko te nuinga o te wā ka tutuki i te tono whakawhiti hiko teitei mai i te US.

Whakarāpopototanga
I te tau 2025, ko ngā kaupapa here mō te umanga whakawhiti hiko-tiketike o te ao e peia ana e te ariā matua o "te panonitanga matomato + te whakapai ake i te hangarau":

E whakatairanga ana te EU i ngā whakawhiti waro-iti mā roto i ngā whakaritenga tino pakari mō te whai huatanga me te taiao;
Ka whakapiki ake ā-korekore a Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti i te tono mō ngā whakawhiti hiko mā roto i ngā kaupapa here pūngao o te rā;
Ka whakapakari ake a Īnia i te tirotiro mākete me te tapanga whai hua;
E arotahi ana a Haina ki te whakaurunga pūngao whakahou me ngā whatunga atamai;
Ka whakatairangahia e Amerika Te Raki ngā whakawhiti atamai me te whakaurunga rohe.
Mā ēnei kaupapa here ka ārahi ngātahi te umanga whakawhiti hiko ngaohiko teitei o te ao ki te tino whai hua, te mohio, me te pumau.

(Kia mōhio: Ko ngā mōhiohio o runga ake nei i ahu mai i ngā raraunga tūmatanui mai i Hānuere ki Hūrae 2025. Mō ngā kaupapa here motuhake, tirohia ngā tuhinga a te kāwanatanga.)