Ngā Paerewa Ngaohiko o te Ao me te Aratohu Kōwhiringa Whakawhiti Ngaohiko Teitei

1. Te Whakarōpūtanga Ngaohiko me ngā Tūranga o te Whakawhiti

 

He mea hanga ngā whakawhiti hiko ngaohiko teitei (HV) mō ngā ngaohiko ≥35 kV (Amerika Te Raki) ≥36 kV rānei (Ūropi), e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whatunga tuku hiko hei whakanui ake i te putanga whakaputa hiko mō te tuku tawhiti me te whakaheke i ngā ngaohiko i ngā teihana hiko. He rerekē, ko ngā whakawhiti hiko ngaohiko iti (LV) (≤1 kV) ka whakahaere i te tohatoha ā-rohe, ka whakaheke i te ngaohiko whatunga ki ngā taumata e taea ana te whakamahi mō ngā kawenga kāinga, arumoni, me te ahumahi. Ko ngā whakawhiti hiko te nuinga o ngā tono HV (hei tauira, 110–765 kV), i te mea Whakawhiti Tohatohate arotahi ki ngā pūnaha LV (≤33 kV).

 

2. Ngā Paerewa me ngā Whakamahinga o te Ngaohiko Rohe

 

Haina: Kei te whakahaere i te whatunga hiko UHV DC nui rawa atu o te ao (±1100 kV) mō te whakawhiti hiko uru-mā-rāwhiti. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā wāhi taiwhenua ki ngā whakawhiti hiko 10 kV/0.4 kV mō te whakahiko.

 

Amerika Te Raki: E whakamahi ana i te 138–765 kV mō te tuku hiko. E hiahiatia ana e ngā pāmu hau o Texas ngā whakawhiti hiko nui-kaha 345 kV. Ko ngā hoahoa wāhanga-wehe (240V pokapū-pātene) he paerewa mō ngā ara iahiko kāinga.

 

Ūropi: E whakanui ana i ngā hoahoa e pai ana ki te taiao, pērā i te ester-Whakawhiti Hinume ngā whatunga atamai (hei tauira, te kaupapa E-Energy a Tiamana). Ka whakamahia e ngā pāmu hau moana i te Moana-a-Kiwa ngā teihana hiko 66–220 kV.

 

Hapani: Kei roto ngā whakawhiti hiko ātete-ru whenua me ngā pūmau ngāwari me ngā pūnaha whare noho 100V ahurei. E hiahiatia ana ngā whakawhiti hiko auau-rua (50/60 Hz) mō te whakaurunga whatunga rawhiti-uru.

 

Īnia: E whakatairanga ana i ngā whakawhiti hiko kore-āhua hei whakaiti i ngā mate mā te 70%, ā, e aro ana ki te whakapūmau hiko i ngā taiwhenua mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha 11 kV/230V.

 

3. Ngā Paearu Kōwhiri Hangarau

 

Te Whakataurite i te Ngaohiko: Me whakarite kia ±0.5% te manawanui kore-kawenga me te ±1% te manawanui kawenga-katoa e ai ki te IEC 60076. Ko ngā pūnaha pūngao whakahou (hei tauira, ngā pāmu pūngao rā) me whai pea i te ±10% te whakahaere hihiri.

 

Te Kaha me te Utaina: Whakamahia te tātai S=3×U×I hei tatau i te kVA. Kia mau tonu te kawenga mō te wā roa ki te 60–80% kia pai ai te mahi. Ko ngā kawenga wā-poto (hei tauira, te mahi whakarewa) e hiahia ana ki te 115% te kaha utaina mō te 1 hāora.

 

Te whakamarumaru me te whakamatao:

 

Rukuhia ki te Hinu: He iti te utu mō ngā whatunga hiko o waho engari me whai pūnaha tinei ahi.

 

Momo-Maroke (Kapia): Ātete ahi, he iti hoki te tiaki, he pai mō ngā whare engari he 30% te utu nui ake.

 

Hauhanga SF₆: He kiato, he ātete hoki ki te parahanga mō ngā teihana hiko o te tāone engari me aro atu ki te taiao.

 

Ngā Paerewa Whai Hua:

 

Ka whakaitihia e te GB 20052 Grade 1 o Haina ngā mate kore-kawenga mā te 40% ki te Grade 3.

 

Ka whakakorea ngā tauira koretake e ngā ture Taumata 3 o te EU i te tau 2025.

 

4. Ngā Mahanga me ngā Whakaotinga Noa

 

Whakarōpūtanga hē: Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakawhiti hiko LV i roto i ngā whatunga hiko HV ka wera rawa, ka pakaru hoki te whakamarumaru. Kia mau ki ngā paepae 66 kV.

 

Te Whakatutukitanga ā-Rohe: He rerekē ngā ture whai hua o te DOE 2016 a Amerika Te Raki i te Ecodesign Tier 2 a te EU. Mā te whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru (hei tauira, ngā pūrongo CTI/STL) ka tutuki ngā whakaritenga.

 

Te Urutau Taiao:

 

Teitei: Whakaitihia te kaha mā te 5%/500m (hei tauira, ngā kaupapa Andes).

 

Waikura: Ka whakaitihia e ngā anga maitai kore waikura me ngā paninga paparanga-toru te kino o te rehu tote.

 

5. Ngā Auahatanga Hou

 

Ngā Whatunga Atamai: Mā ngā pūnaha aroturuki wā-tūturu o Ūropi me ngā mahi tiaki matapae e aratakina ana e te AI ka arotau i te mahi a te whakawhiti hiko.

 

Whakaurunga Pūngao Whakahou: Ko ngā pāmu hau moana me ngā tipu hiko pūngao rā e akiaki ana i te hiahia mō ngā whakawhiti hiko 35–132 kV me te manawanui ā-hauora (K≥13).

 

Te Oranga Tonu: Ka huri te āhua o ngā kaupapa matua hoahoa i ngā matua kore-āhua, ngā hinu ester pirau-koiora, me ngā rauemi hangarua.

 

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

 

Arotahi Hoahoa: Ko te kaha o te whakamarumaru me te whakahaere wera te kaupapa matua o ngā whakawhiti hiko HV, ko te kiato me te haumaru te kaupapa matua o ngā whakawhiti hiko LV.

 

Te Whakatutukitanga ā-Ao: Ko ngā paerewa pēnei i te IEC 60076 (HV) me te UL/CE (rohe) e whakahau ana kia whakamātauhia te pumau o te ngaohiko me te pakari o te taiao.

 

Te Utu mō te Huringa Ora: Ka puta he utu i roto i ngā tau e 3 mō ngā tauira whai hua nui (hei tauira, te matua kore-āhua) mā te penapena pūngao, ahakoa te nui ake o ngā utu tīmatanga.

 

Mō ngā otinga kua whakaritea, whakapā atu ki ngā kaiwhakarato pēnei i a Energy Transformer, e tuku ana i ngā tiwhikete whakaritenga tika mai i te wheketere me ngā tiwhikete hanganga ture ā-ao.